When to be neighbourly: differential agonistic responses in the lizard Platysaurus broadleyi

Differential treatment of neighbours and strangers (the dear enemy phenomenon) can reduce the costly effects of territory defence. Individual recognition, and by extension the dear enemy phenomenon, was examined in the cordylid lizard Platysaurus broadleyi. I had no knowledge of familiarity between individuals and therefore classed intruders as neighbours or non-neighbours and tested for differences in agonistic response consistent with the dear enemy phenomenon. In the dear enemy phenomenon, levels of aggression are inversely related to degree of familiarity such that residents are more tolerant of immediate neighbours than distant territory holders. A manipulative field experiment in conjunction with field observations of known territory holders revealed that resident males allowed neighbours to approach more closely than non-neighbours before challenging them, residents were more aggressive towards non-neighbours than neighbours, contests between neighbours were significantly longer than between neighbours and non-neighbours and contests between residents and non-neighbours were likely to result in a win for the resident, while neighbours frequently drew contests. These results suggest a level of recognition consistent with the dear enemy phenomenon. I also manipulated front leg colour to test the hypothesis that it alone could serve as a cue for individual recognition. I found no support for this hypothesis and suggest that multiple cues operate in individual recognition. Received: 4 March 1999 / Received in revised form: 11 April 1999 / Accepted: 19 April 1999     

河西走廊1994－04－08浮尘暴·黄沙的气象特征和大气气溶胶测定

报道１９９４－０４－０７—１９９４－０４－０８河西走廊形成浮尘暴·黄沙天气过程、气象观测和大气总悬浮微粒（ＴＳＰ）测定结果,说明我国西北地区发生的浮尘暴·黄沙天气的气象及大气气溶胶特点。嘉峪关和酒泉一带是这次黄沙的中心;酒泉等地的ＴＳＰ浓度高达３８．００ｍｇ／ｍ３,室内ＴＳＰ浓度高达８．６３ｍｇ／ｍ３,自然降尘浓度达２９６．２２ｔ／（ｋｍ２·月）;黄沙云高约２０００—３０００ｍ;主要组成元素Ｓｔ、Ａｌ、Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ和Ｔｉ等含量上升;黄沙沿嘉峪关、酒泉、金昌、兰州和北京渐次减少;１９９４－０４－１１的２：００在甘肃省大部分地区出现了哈布（Ｈａｂｏｏｂ）现象。建议今后对尘暴·黄沙的研究还应测定黄沙气溶胶浓度、粒度分布和不同粒度微粒的化学组成,测定雨土、降水、降尘和气温的变化。     

利用GIS实现江苏省地表水省控断面管理

江苏省环境监测中心开发的环境数据可视化地理信息系统是根据断面管理功能,在建立符合管理需求的各类断面图层基础上．采用通用软件开发平台和专业的GIS工具软件相集而成。该系统具有水环境信息的空间查询、表达、统计和绘图等功能．可使环境管理综合决策部门直观、有效地进行水环境质量管理。     

基于BP神经网络的污水格栅间气体监测*

为实现对城市污水泵站格栅间内H2S和CO有害气体浓度实时准确监测分析,设计气体传感器阵列监测系统,建立单隐层BP神经网络模型对气体浓度样本进行训练,确定网络隐含层数为9,训练函数为traindm,模型优化后输出的H2S和CO气体浓度与实测值的平均相对误差分别为1.3%与0.4%。研究结果表明:采用BP神经网络模型对传感器阵列采集到的样本数据进行训练,可提高其测量精度,提升精度范围在57%~75%之间,能够满足对污水泵站有害气体监测的基本要求,所建立模型表现出良好效果。研究结果可为污水格栅间有害气体监测提供新方法。     

Factors predicting proclivity and intensity to volunteer for the environment in the US and South Korea

This research compares environmental volunteering among students in South Korea and the US (n = 3612). Given differing environmental histories of these countries, we explore whether and to what extent volunteer proclivity and intensity varies, and potential factors that explain existing variation. Findings suggest that American students are more likely to volunteer for, and devote time to, environmental causes, while South Korean students differ on socio-economic correlates of such behaviour. In a global society, understanding determinants of environmental volunteer participation is critical to the management of environmental NGOs that are involved in broad-based and participatory planning, educating stakeholders and legitimising environmental advocacy.     

横采内排追踪压帮高度对端帮稳定性影响研究

为揭示横采内排追踪条件下压帮至不同高度时端帮稳定性变化规律及力学成因机制,明确端帮的滑坡模式与滑坡机理,以平庄西露天煤矿端帮边坡为工程背景,应用有限差分软件FLAC3D,基于强度折减理论,对压帮不同高度时的端帮稳定性进行了三维数值模拟。结果表明:平庄西露天煤矿端帮滑坡模式为以椭球面为侧界面、以弱层为底界面的切层-顺层滑动;滑坡的力学成因机制类型为牵引式;横采内排追踪压帮高度至少为81 m端帮才能满足安全储备系数的要求;端帮稳定性系数Fs随压帮高度增大呈线性增大。     

地铁十字换乘车站全尺寸实验研究:Ⅱ.站台火灾

为了解在不同通风模式下地铁十字换乘车站站台火灾发展规律,通过在地铁十字换乘车站站台开展全尺寸火灾实验,分析了不同通风模式下站台层火灾的烟气扩散速率、沉降高度和扩散范围。研究结果表明:该类型车站站台火灾烟气扩散受到建筑结构和通风条件等因素的影响;在A线路站台层发生火灾时,站台断面面积沿烟气扩散方向的缩小有效抑制了烟气向远端扩散;站台机械通风能够有效降低烟气扩散速率,控制烟气扩散区域和沉降高度;在0.5 MW火灾规模下,A线路站台火灾对B线路影响不明显。     

基于容量损失的交叉航路高度层分配

我国空中交通网络越来越复杂,航路交叉点附近的冲突日益增多,调配冲突时需令航空器改变高度层,这却会导致航路容量损失。计算了航空器改变高度层时对其他高度层造成的容量损失系数,并在此基础上以最小化容量损失为目标建立模型,设计了启发式算法,以航路交叉点附近的4架有冲突的航空器为例进行仿真计算。仿真结果表明,该模型可以根据航路各高度层实时飞行流密集情况,求出使航路总容量损失系数达到最小的航空器避让方案,从而减少航路上的容量损失,提高空域资源利用率。     

出口位置对恐慌条件下小白鼠逃生效率的影响

通过燃烧的香所产生的烟气驱动小白鼠在恐慌条件下逃生,研究了群集效应下出口位置对恐慌疏散效率的影响。试验采用90只雌性小白鼠。出口宽2 cm,设置位于中间、靠近边界一侧、距离边界一侧2 cm、距离边界一侧10 cm和距离边界一侧20 cm 5种工况。每种工况试验前,首先对小白鼠进行逃生训练,使其熟悉出口位置。然后对每种工况进行若干次试验,分别记录每只小白鼠通过出口的时间。结果表明,出口位置对恐慌条件下的疏散效率有明显影响,边界出口效率明显高于中间出口,最优的出口位置是距离边界一侧2 cm处。     

山东临沂市集体林权改革环境影响调查研究——以小山口村、魏城村和南垛庄铺为例

本文选取小山口村、魏城村和南垛庄铺三个林权改革试点村作为调查对象,通过描述统计、交叉列联表分析和Ridit分析,就林权改革的方式、林改对经济和环境产生的影响及林权流转三个方面的问题对山东临沂市的集体林权制度改革现状展开调查研究。分析发现,在历经3年的林改中,临沂市始终坚持尊重实际、区别对待,灵活选择林权改革的方式,使当地的林权制度改革受到村民的欢迎。此外,林权改革后,当地的经济收入和生态环境及对林业的投入均有不同程度的提高和改善,村民的营林、护林积极性也大大增加。但是在涉及到林权流转方面的问题时,大部分的村民不能清楚认识到林权的价值,从而使落实处置权的目标短期内难以实现。